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How a feud in Russia led to modern prediction algorithms. 👉 To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for a full 30 days, visit https://brilliant.org/veritasium. You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Brian Hayes, David Aldous, Geoff Engelstein, Jeffrey Rosenthal, Jimmy He, Mark Priestley, Michael Choi, Peter Norvig, Sam Power, and Thomas Haigh for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video. And a special thank you to Madeline Johnson for her excellent fact-checking. ▀▀▀ 0:00 The Law of Large Numbers 4:37 What is a Markov Chain? 9:43 Ulam and Solitaire 12:21 Nuclear Fission 15:46 The Monte Carlo Method 16:32 The first search engines 19:07 Google is born 25:16 How does predictive text work? 27:10 Are Markov chains memoryless? 29:41 How to perfectly shuffle a deck of cards ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/RefsMarkov Images & Video: https://ve42.co/7Z ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Ibby Hadeed, JT, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Meekay, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Writers: Kaela Albert, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller Producer & Director: Kaela Albert Editors: Peter Nelson & Jack Saxon Camera Operators: Gabe Strong, Gregor Cavlovic & Derek Muller Animator: Andrew neet, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli & Ivy Trello Illustrator: Caine Esperanzo, Jakub Misiek & Maria Gustanovich Assistant Editor: James Stuart Researchers: Darius Garewal, Gabe Strong & Emilia Gyles Thumbnail Designers: Ren Hurley & Ben Powell Production Team: Rob Beasley Spence, Casper Mebius, Sulli Yost and Henry Van Dyck Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound